Politics and Power in Today’s Corporate World Essay -- Corporations Po

Politics and violence in Todays Corporate WorldAn effective agreement foc drug abuses on immobile leadership, assign and g everywherenmental issues. These components be critical to creating an organization mindful of values, ethics, culture and innovation. Analyzing the use of baron and regime ar essential to understanding the behavior of individuals within organizations. There be two sides to power and politics. In one respect power and politics imply the shady side of leadership. However, power and politics poop be dictatorial tools that managers use to accomplish tasks. This paper defines power and politics and examines how one can be used to influence the other in a positive way, therefrom resulting in gain, and in a negative, corruptive way, which ultimately leads to destruction of an organization.POWERPower has been described as the last dirty word. Money is easier than power for around mass to talk about. People who have power deny it people who want power tr y not to appear to be seeking it, and those who are darling at getting power are secretive about how they got it (Kanter, 1979). The essence of power is control. In organizational behavior power is defined as the world power of controlling the behavior of others. Power is the force one uses to get things done. Power and leadership should not be confused. Leadership achieves goals and power is the means to assuage their achievement. Power focuses on the tactics for gaining compliance while leadership focuses on style. Power is not without influence. One has influence when one has power. Power and influence are tombstone components when a person is trying to achieve organizational goals. Power is divided into two categories position and personal (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2003). Power-based on a persons position has six bases coercive, reward, legitimate, process, information and representative (Schermerhorn, et al., 2003). The coercive power base is defined as being depende nt on fear. A person go forth fight down to this power out of fear of the negative results that might occur. A manager has the power to suspend or terminate an employee this gives the manager coercive power over the employee. The opposite of coercive power is reward power. People comply with the wishes or directives of another because doing so produces positive benefits. In the organization context it can carry to promotions or favorable performanc... ...ely leads to destruction of an organization. Power and politics can be used to influence the success or failure of an organization. An effective organization selects strong leadership and takes precautious steps to control power and political issues. An organization that fully understands these issues creates a culture centered on values, ethics and innovation. By analyzing power and politics we are able to understand how they influence individual behavior in organizations. We can also better understand how they are used with c andid intentions and how to avert them in destructive situations. ReferencesKantar, R. (1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, July-August, p.65.Iwata, E. (2004, July 9). Enrons Ken Lay cuffed but confident. USA Today.University of phoenix. (Ed). (2003). Organizational Behavior, University of Phoenix bespoke Edition e-text. John Wiley Publisher. Retrieved April 9, 2005 from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/331-Organizational Behavior Website https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asphttp//money.cnn.com/2002/05/07/news/companies/enron_board/index.htmhttp//www.gatesfoundation.org Politics and Power in Todays Corporate World leaven -- Corporations PoPolitics and Power in Todays Corporate WorldAn effective organization focuses on strong leadership, power and political issues. These components are critical to creating an organization mindful of values, ethics, culture and innovation. Analyzing the use of power and politi cs are essential to understanding the behavior of individuals within organizations. There are two sides to power and politics. In one respect power and politics imply the shady side of leadership. However, power and politics can be positive tools that managers use to accomplish tasks. This paper defines power and politics and examines how one can be used to influence the other in a positive way, thus resulting in gain, and in a negative, corruptive way, which ultimately leads to destruction of an organization.POWERPower has been described as the last dirty word. Money is easier than power for most people to talk about. People who have power deny it people who want power try not to appear to be seeking it, and those who are good at getting power are secretive about how they got it (Kanter, 1979). The essence of power is control. In organizational behavior power is defined as the ability of controlling the behavior of others. Power is the force one uses to get things done. Power and l eadership should not be confused. Leadership achieves goals and power is the means to facilitate their achievement. Power focuses on the tactics for gaining compliance while leadership focuses on style. Power is not without influence. One has influence when one has power. Power and influence are key components when a person is trying to achieve organizational goals. Power is divided into two categories position and personal (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2003). Power-based on a persons position has six bases coercive, reward, legitimate, process, information and representative (Schermerhorn, et al., 2003). The coercive power base is defined as being dependent on fear. A person will react to this power out of fear of the negative results that might occur. A manager has the power to suspend or terminate an employee this gives the manager coercive power over the employee. The opposite of coercive power is reward power. People comply with the wishes or directives of another because do ing so produces positive benefits. In the organization context it can apply to promotions or favorable performanc... ...ely leads to destruction of an organization. Power and politics can be used to influence the success or failure of an organization. An effective organization selects strong leadership and takes precautious steps to control power and political issues. An organization that fully understands these issues creates a culture centered on values, ethics and innovation. By analyzing power and politics we are able to understand how they influence individual behavior in organizations. We can also better understand how they are used with good intentions and how to avoid them in destructive situations. ReferencesKantar, R. (1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, July-August, p.65.Iwata, E. (2004, July 9). Enrons Ken Lay cuffed but confident. USA Today.University of Phoenix. (Ed). (2003). Organizational Behavior, University of Phoenix Custom Editi on e-text. John Wiley Publisher. Retrieved April 9, 2005 from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/331-Organizational Behavior Website https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asphttp//money.cnn.com/2002/05/07/news/companies/enron_board/index.htmhttp//www.gatesfoundation.org

Prime of Miss Jean Broadie :: Essays Papers

Prime of send packing Jean BroadieTo be in turn tail Broadies set was to be set apart from the rest of the school. They were outwardly looked upon with disdain. Inwardly, however, others were jealous of them for the distinction they received. Each girl in the Broadie set was held on a pedestal. Each had aroundthing special about them, reasons why they were chosen by Miss Broadie, and that puts them at higher regard. Each girl was famous in school for something. They very have very little in common with one another aside form their friendship with Miss Broadie. Each girl was selected for their individual constitution traits, and further chosen because Miss Broadie knew that none of their parents would ever have a problem or fall in complaints about her unorthidoxed method of teaching. Mary was the stupid causa of the set. Miss Broadie, along with the other girls, treated Mary as their scapegoat. They blamed everything on her stupidity. Miss Broadie harshly acc used her and blamed her for faults belonging to everyone, using her to make an example.Monica was known by all for her quick temper and her mind for mathematics. She was chosen, most likely, for little more than the fact that Miss Broadie knew that her parents would not have any problems. Miss Broadie never seemed to have an underlying scheme planed out for her, as she did with some of the other girls. Eunice was quite the same, seeming to have no purpose to the group, and the other girls wondered for some time why Miss Broadie had chosen her. Miss Broadies interest in her, it was found out, was that Eunice was a wonderful gymnast, and would entertain Miss Broadie with her performances shown before her class.jennet, with her flourishing curls, was the prettiest of the bunch. She had a beautiful voice and later a desire to act. Miss Broadie had hopes that one day Jenny would become one of her crme-de-la-crme, but Jenny disappointed her, becoming too dull for Miss Broadies tast e as she got older.Rose, as she became older, would be known for sex. Miss Broadie took special interest in her, because, as she saw it, Rose had instinct. The love of Miss Broadies prime was Mr.

Myanmar: A Nation in Crisis Essay -- Essays Papers

Myanmar A Nation in CrisisThe nation of Myanmar, also known as Burma, is currently under the rule of a ruthless totalitarian regime, inculpative of numerous human rights violations and target of intense international criticism. Located in Southeast Asia, on the western border of Thailand and Laos, it has been under military rule since knowledge base War II. Burma is mired in socioeconomic crisis stemming from the rule of the military junta, and the citizens are suffering. The environment of Burma is being destroyed, the people are treated inhumanely, and the country is notorious for its portion to global narcotics. The paragraphs below detail the current situations facing the country, why they came about, and the parties that are to blame for sending the country on a dangerous downward spiral. First, however, it is authorised to understand Burmas political history. A History of BurmaThe ancestors of the people of Myanmar migrated down along the Irrawaddy River from Tibet and Chi na, and they brought with them cultural traditions stemming from India. The Mon, at around 3000 B.C., were the first people to come. They established centers of shutdown in central Myanmar, in the Irrawaddy delta, and farther down the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal. They developed farming and irrigation systems, and they kept ties with India as well as opposite Mon settlements. The Burmese entered the Irrawaddy River valley in the mid-9th century, eventually absorbing the nearby Pyu and Mon communities. The Shan, Kachin, and Karen arrived later and are currently the major ethnic minority groups in the country. In 1044, powerfulness Anawrahta united the nation in the city of Pagan where he built Buddhist temples and pagodas. In the following years Burma expe... ...ive. 15 Nov. 2004 .Thein, Myat. Economic Development of Myanmar. capital of Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004. U.S. Department of State. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1998. Wash ington, DC U.S. Department of State, 1999. ---. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 2000. Washington, DC U.S. Department of State, 2001. Waldman, Peter. ancestry Project in Burma Puts Cheney in the Spotlight. The Wall Street Journal. 27 Oct. 2000 http//www.burmaforumla.org/news/cheney.htm.Wallensteen, Peter. Routes to Democracy in Burma/Myanmar. Uppsala, Sweden Dept. of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2004.

SHARKS :: essays research papers

Out of all the species walking, flying, slithering or swimming, there arent many who have been around as long, survived as well, or come in so many shapes and kinds as the shark. The earliest evidences of sharks are isolated spines, teeth and scales that appeared about 430 million years agone in the Silurian Period, known as the "Age of Fishes". Sharks have a sleek, streamlined design which helps them swim without using up a lot of energy.They certainly engage to conserve their energy because they never really sleep and most of them never stop swimming.Some sharks are fierce predators, and would be happy to eat you if they encountered you. nearly any shark six feet or longer is a potential danger, but three species have been identified repeatedly in attacks the Great dust coat Shark, the Tiger Shark and the Bull Shark . All three bang world wide, reach large sizes and eat large prey such as marine mammals or sea turtles. But most sharks never grow longer than five feet a nd never even see anyone with legs and arms anyway. People land thousands more sharks e precise year than sharks kill people.Sharks take about as long to mature as we do. Some of them become adults in their teens. A yield shark carries her babies inside her body while they develop, sometimes for more than a year. Even so, some sharks are born inside an egg which they have to train open. They spend early portions of their lives in nursery grounds. Some of the advantages sharks have over people is that they keep growing new teeth, they dont have breakable bones, and they are not prone to get cancer. Sometimes sharks are referred to as swimming computers because of the six senses which they possess vision, hearing, vibration, smell, taste and electro-perception.Sharks come in many shapes, sizes, and colors. They have different personalities, and they live in oceans all over the world. Not much you can say about sharks is true for all of them, but there are a few things you can say a bout the anatomy of most sharks. They breathe through gill slits, have rigid fins and they dont have a bladder. The Whale Shark is the biggest brute in the ocean, about eleven times taller than your Mom or Dad, and weighing in at about 2,000 pounds. A Whale Shark wouldnt be also interested in eating you, but you could offer him about half a ton of teeny fish, crustaceans and little drifting invertebrates and he would be very happy.

Analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay -- History, Nuclear Weapons

The Cuban rocket Crisis remains an example of one of the most terrifying events in floor for the people of the world. A very real nemesis existed for the crisis to escalate and create World War III, which would include the annihilation of countries and cause unimaginable damage from the use of nuclear weapons by the linked States and the former Soviet Union. The conflict had historical roots in the Cold War between the United States and the former Soviet Union, as well as in the history of relations between the United States and Cuba. The strife between the United States and Cuba culminated when Fidel Castro overthrew a government publicly supported by the United States, although political and military officials in the United States secretly welcomed the events. However, it soon became clear that the takeover of Cuba by Castro would result in escalating conflict between it and the United States, something that quickly became more evident in the Bay of Pigs invasion and Operat ion Mongoose both designed to eliminate Castro from the political field in Cuba. The Soviet Union supported Castros regime and Cubas stand, and forced its hand with the placement of nuclear missiles on the island. The United States countered, and the two countries played out their hands to determine the fate of the world. In the end, the United States and the Soviet Union came to an agreement, both sides attempting to head off a nuclear war. To this day, the way in which the threat was diffused remains an important model in studying how to avoid future conflicts that threaten the world.The history of relations between the United States and the former Soviet Union paved the foundation that would culminate in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The battles b... ...s a model in many ways for how not to handle negotiations many of the benefits of studying this event, in fact, are to identify how to do just that, as well. Although the outcome was ultimately positive and nuclear war was avo ided, the tactics and countermoves of the United States and the Soviet Union had the potential to backfire and cause nuclear destruction. The conflict with the United States and Cuba contributed to the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country was attempting to solidify its power as not just a superpower, but the superpower of the stallion world. As a result of this, one of the most terrifying events in the history of the world, even today, emerged The Cuban Missile Crisis and we still use it today as an example to prevent any possible errors that might once again escalate to create an event of such severity.

Analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay -- History, Nuclear Weapons

The Cuban Missile Crisis cadaver an example of one of the most terrifying returns in story for the people of the world. A very real threat existed for the crisis to escalate and create World War III, which would include the annihilation of countries and ca social function unimaginable damage from the use of nuclear weapons by the United States and the former Soviet Union. The conflict had historical roots in the Cold War surrounded by the United States and the former Soviet Union, as well as in the history of relations between the United States and Cuba. The strife between the United States and Cuba culminated when Fidel Castro overthrew a government publicly back up by the United States, although political and military officials in the United States secretly welcomed the events. However, it soon became clear that the takeover of Cuba by Castro would result in escalating conflict between it and the United States, something that quickly became more evident in the Bay of Pigs invasion and Operation Mongoose both designed to eliminate Castro from the political field in Cuba. The Soviet Union supported Castros regime and Cubas stand, and forced its hand with the placement of nuclear missiles on the island. The United States countered, and the two countries played out their detention to determine the fate of the world. In the end, the United States and the Soviet Union came to an agreement, both sides attempting to avoid a nuclear war. To this day, the way in which the threat was diffused remains an important model in studying how to avoid future conflicts that threaten the world.The history of relations between the United States and the former Soviet Union surface the foundation that would culminate in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The battles b... ...s a model in many ways for how not to handle negotiations many of the benefits of studying this event, in fact, are to identify how to do just that, as well. Although the outcome was ultimately positive a nd nuclear war was avoided, the tactics and countermoves of the United States and the Soviet Union had the potentiality to backfire and cause nuclear destruction. The conflict with the United States and Cuba contributed to the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country was attempting to solidify its power as not just a superpower, but the superpower of the entire world. As a result of this, one of the most terrifying events in the history of the world, even today, emerged The Cuban Missile Crisis and we still use it today as an example to prevent any possible errors that might once again escalate to create an event of such severity.

Financial Ratios: TESCO and J. Sainsbury Essay

1. IntroductionThe purpose of this report is to conduct a comparative symmetry compendium of the financial statements of J. Sainsbury PLC and Tesco PLC for the year-ending 2013. The financial information that is provided from each troupes annual report and the comparison amidst them volition help possible users of this depth psychology to understand not only the differences between these two companies but also each familys weaknesses and strengths. Below, the profiles of the two companies will be refer sanguine as tumesce as eight accounting balances for each company will be presented in swan to have the appropriate financial information to analyse. Furthermore, the possible users of this analysis will be identified and all their differing information requirements will be menti angiotensin-converting enzymed. Finally, there will be provided a short discussion on the magnificence of supplementing financial analysis with non-financial conside dimensionns and a general conclus ion will be made which will contain a summary of the main findings of this report. 1.1 Tescos PLC profileTesco PLC (Public Limited Company) is a food retail company which operates in nine markets with 923 stores across the world. It employs more over 240,000 people which parcel out its products giving portal to 260 million people (Tesco PLC., 2014). Over the past five years, Tesco has expanded from the UKs supermarkets into new countries with new products and services including a major non-food line of business. more(prenominal) specifically, the company has started to sell electrical devices, internet shopping, toys, sports equipment, home entertainment, home shop, cook shop and furniture. Also it provides financial services in coope proportionalityn with Royal Bank of Scotland serving 3.4million customers which reveals the companys intentions to expand in new markets.1.2 J. Sainsburys ProfileSainsbury PLC is engaged in grocery and related retailing. The companys activities are organised into tether segments which are retailing (supermarkets and convenience), financial services (Sainsburys Bank), and Property investments (The British Land Company PLC and Land Securities PLC) (Reuters, 2014). The Company employs around 150,000 people and it operates over 1,000 stores getting 572 supermarkets and 440 convenience stores. The Company also acquires an online entertainment company, Global Media Vault Limited and HMV Group plcs holding in Anobii Limited, a social network and online retail merchant of e-books.2. financial-accounting information and symmetrysAccording to Roger Hussey (Hussey, 1999), the financial accounting information is primarily concerned with communicating a true and fair view of the financial performance and financial position of an entity to external parties in accordance with established principles, legal requirements and accounting standards. The general purpose of financial statements is to provide information that is useful to a ac ross-the-board range of users for making economic decisions and assessing the organizational focussing (IFRS, 2014). Accounting ratios are related with this information and their purpose is to describe a quantitative notificationship between two values permitting the comparison of companys performance with the previous years, competitors and with the industry benchmarks. Below, profitability, liquidity, operative chapiter control and financial risk ratios will be presented and compared for the two companies providing the appropriate financial information.2.1 Profitability and efficiency ratiosThe main objective of a financial statement analysis is to value a firms equity securities which mean that the firm has to ensure its profitability for the future (Mackenzie et al., 2013). Profitability and efficiency ratios are used by financial information users in order to assess the firms operating performance. They provide information about how much profit the firm makes in relation wi th its sales and how efficiently the business is using its assets to generate r sluiceue.2.1.3 Return on capital industrious (ROCE) is a financial ratio that measures the percentage return on the total funds employed in the business and shows how effective management is in generating revenue and controlling damages. TESCO plc has slightly a bigger ROCE percentage than its comparable company J. Sainsbury which fact for somewhat people would be irrelevant but if it will be examined in depth it can be comprehended that TESCO company has a better management because it uses more efficiently its capital.2.1.3 asset swage ratioTESCO GROUPAsset turnover ratiomSales revenue64,826Capital employed22,550Asset turnover (%)287,47 %J. SainsburyAsset turnover ratiomSales revenue23,303Capital employed9,580Asset turnover (%)243,24%Asset (or capital) turnover ratio measures how umpteen convictions the capital employed was turned over during the year to achieve the revenue which fact indicates th e efficiency of the companys deployment of its assets. The above tables show that even though the two companies surpass the rank of one hundred percent which elbow room that their capital employed was turned over at least one m during 2013, TESCO exceeds J. Sainsbury for 44, 23 %. This fact demonstrate that TESCO deploys almost a half time more efficiently its assets than J. Sainsbury and in accounting terms it is explained as 2.87 dollar signs were generated per dollar of assets 2.2 Liquidity and working capital control2.2.1 incumbent ratioTESCO GROUPCurrent ratiomCurrent assets13,096Current liabilities5,889Current Ratio x12.221J. SainsburyCurrent ratiomCurrent assets1,914Current liabilities3,115Current Ratio x10.611Current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures the ability of the company to meet its short-term obligations (liabilities) such as debt and payables with its short-term assets such as cash, receivables and scrutinise. TESCOs current ratio is estimated to 2.221 an d it absolutely does not seem to have any liquidity worry in the business in contrast to J. Sainsbury company which current ratio is estimated to 0.611. More specifically, these numbers show that TESCO had 2.22 dollars of current assets for each dollar of current liabilities and J. Sainsbury had 0.61 dollars of current assets for e precise dollar of current liabilities. These results reveal a liquidity problem that J. Sainsbury has which means that the firm can not pay its short term obligations properly. However this does not necessarily mean that the company will be a offend in the near future if it will not pay its short-term liabilities for some small time gunpoint of time but it is definitely a swelled sign of not good financial health and it is required from the company to access more financing sources in order to overcome this problem.2.2.2 Quick ratioTESCO GROUPQuick ratiomCurrent assets13,096Inventories(3,744)Current liabilities5,889Current Ratio x11.581J. SainsburyQui ck ratiomCurrent assets1,914Inventories(987)Current liabilities3,115Current Ratio x10.291Quick ratio is an an new(prenominal)(a) liquidity ratio and it is very similar to current ratio but the difference from these two ratios is that quick ratio is more conservative because it shows the relationship between liquid assets (from which the origin is excluded) and current liabilities in contrast to the other ratio. The results are almost the same except the ratio numbers. TESCO has 1.58 dollars of liquid assets available per one dollar of current liabilities and J. Sainsbury has 0.29 of liquid assets for each dollar of current liabilities. The problem for J. Sainsbury remains the same as the company has a bad finance health because it cannot meet properly its short -term obligations.2.2.3 Inventory Turnover and holding ratioTESCO GROUPInventory Turnover ratiom embody of sales60,737Inventories3,744Inventory Turnover ratio16.22J. SainsburyInventory Turnover ratiom apostrophize of sales2 2,026Inventories987Inventory Turnover ratio22.31Inventory turnover ratio measures the times that an inventory was sold and replaced over a specific plosive of time. A low turnover ratio indicates low sales and simultaneously an excess in the inventory of the company which can lead to liquidity problems. On the other hand, a high turnover shows that the firm either has good sales or it implies ineffective buying of its products which mean that the company buys small quantities of product very frequently for a higher price than this that it would get if it would buying bigger quantities leading to a shortage or an inadequate inventory. TESCO during 2013, has turned over its inventory 16.22 times which is 6.09 lesser than J. Sainsburys turnover which is estimated to 22.31 times for the same year. This means that in comparison with J. Sainsbury even though that TESCO is a bigger company, in relation with both companies capabilities TESCO seemed to have an excess in the inventory which reveals the fact that the company was dropped out from its expectations in contrast to J. Sainsbury. More products in the inventory implies more cost for the firms so both of them and more specifically TESCO have to improve its ability to liquidateits stocks from the inventory.2.2.4 Inventory holding ratioTESCO GROUPInventory holding period ratiomInventories3,744Cost of sales60,737Inventory holding period ratio22.49 daysJ. SainsburyInventory holding period ratiomInventories987Cost of sales22,026Inventory holding period ratio16.35 daysSimilarly to the inventory turnover ratio, inventory holding period ratio shows the period of time (days) that stocks were kept in the companys inventory. A low inventory holding period indicates that stocks that were kept in the inventory were for a small period of time. Accordingly happens when the inventory holding period is high which means that stocks in there are kept for a long period of time. According to Japanese industry statistical website (M &A BANK Co. LTD, 2014), the average inventory turnover for food retail companies such as TESCO and J. Sainsbury, is 34.44 days. The fact that TESCO has a bigger inventory turnover is illustrated in the inventory holding period for both companies. For each inventory turnover, TESCO was keeping its inventory for 22.49 days and J. Sainsbury for 16.35.These results lead to the same conclusions of inventory turnover statements that were mentioned above. 2.2.3 Receivables assembling periodTESCO GROUPReceivables collection period ratiomTrade receivables2,525Sales revenue64,826Receivables collection period ratio3.89 daysJ. SainsburyReceivables collection period ratiomTrade receivables306Sales23,303Receivables collection period ratio4.79 daysThe receivable collection period ratio measures the period of time (days) that the company awaits to collect receivables from its clients. A low receivable collection period indicator shows that the company collects its dues from its clients quickly. If this indicator is too low, then it is understandable that the firm does not offer credit facilities to its clients resulting loss in business. On the other hand, when there is a high receivable collection period indicator it is obvious that the company have some difficulties collecting receivables from its clients. TESCO seems to take its receivables almost one day earlier (3.89 days) than J. Sainsbury (4.79 days) which fact mentions again the difference in the liquidity of these two companies. J. Sainsbury which has a liquidity problem has to collect more efficiently its receivables from customers to empower liquidityas much possible improving its financial position in the market.2.3 monetary Risk and debt to equity ratioFinancial risk shows the possibility of failure in an investment that an investor would have if he would have invest in a company with debt that would not have meet its financial liabilities (, 1999).TESCO GROUPDebt to equity ratiomNon-current liabilities14,483To tal equity16,661Debt to equity ratio86.92 %J. SainsburyReceivables collection period ratiomNon-current liabilities3,846Total equity5,734Debt to equity ratio67,07 %Debt to equity ratio measures the percentage that corresponds to debt and equity of a company. A high debt to equity ratio means that the company has developed with a big amount of debt which can lead to big interest and would have an impact on shareholders earnings or even it would lead to a bankruptcy in an extreme case. In the above table, TESCO shows a debt to equity ratio estimated to 86.92 % and J. Sainsbury 67.07 % which is lower for 19.85 % in relation with the first company. It is obvious that TESCO inthe previous year was aggressively financing its growth than J. Sainsbury which means that the company has many liabilities and it is already on the red line to start facing the consequences of a such high ratio.3. Users of financial analysis and their information requirementsAccording to Gokul Sinha (Sinha, 2009), f inancial statements are the means of providing information to the confused users for their decision making but users are different and accordingly, their needs are also different. In the below table (Table 1.0) the seven categories of the users of financial analysis will be presented with all of their differing information requirements and potential decisions.4. The importance of supplementing financial analysis with non-financial statementsNon-financial considerations were always a great tool for companies which had the knowledge how to use them. Christopher Ittner and David Larcker (Christopher Ittner, 2000) have express that by supplementing financial analysis with non-financial statements, the organization creates a closer link to the long-term strategies of it. More specifically non-financial data make the companies to communicate different informational objectives withmanagers, providing them pauperization in order to plan long-term strategies in the future. Moreover they referred that some critics argue that intangible assets such as customer loyalty and intellectual capital are the drivers of success for many companies in different industries and they have to pay more attention on these two. Finally, both authors mentioned about the accompanied noise of non-financial data about which the managers must be aware in order to determine how much success they will get if they make their actions which will lead to a maximizing effect on the organizational performance.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, the profiles and activities of TESCO plc and J. Sainsbury were detailed as well the mean of the financial-accounting information was explained. Furthermore, there were presented two ratios from each of profitability, liquidity, working capital control categories and one ratio that describes the financial risk for both of companies. Afterwards the users of the financial analysis were referred and all of their differing requirements were described. Finally, there was a reference on the importance of supplementing financial analysis with non-financial statements as well as the capabilities of using non-financial considerations.BibliographyChristopher Ittner, D.L., 2000. Mastering Management series. Financial Times. Hussey, R., 1999. Oxford Dictionary of Accounting. Oxford Oxford University Press. IFRS, 2014. IFRS Foundation. Online London IFRS Foundation Available at http//www.ifrs.org Accessed 18 April 2014. Kirk, A., 2014. Chron. Online Available at http//www.chron.com Accessed 19 April 2014. M&A BANK Co. LTD, 2014. EDIUNET Industry Avg. Online Available at http//industry.ediunet.jp Accessed 19 April 2014. Mackenzie, B. et al., 2013. Wiley IFRS 2013 Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards. New Jersey John Wiley & Sons. Maynard, J., 2013. Financial Accounting, Reporting, and Analysis. Oxford Oxford University Press. Reuters, 2014. http//uk.reuters.com. Online Available at http//uk.reuters.com Accessed 18 Ap ril 2014. Sinha, G., 2009. Financial Statement Analysis. New Delhi PHI Learning Private. Tesco PLC., 2014. Global Sources. Online Available at http//www.globalsources.comAccessed 18 April 2014

ABC Glass Case Essay

ABC Glass was bought by the French Group Glass International (G.I.) in 2003 and is located in the Middle East. This factory produces a low cost and quality glass brand under the name of ABC Glass. Besides the vivacious two furnaces with two lines one producing opal tablew ar and one producing clear glass, G.I. built an additional furnace which greatly change the yield and with technicalassistance from France, the quality of locally produced ABC Glass was improved and the items were as good as anything produced by G.I. in France. However, as production expands, ABC Glass comes up with 3 main problemsSee more Examples of badinage in adventures of huckfinn essayDifficulty with gross revenue targets Regional VP Sales and the ABC Sales team think the target is difficult to achieve. Logistics problems Because of the delay in promotional material and shipping, the useless inventory caused a yearly loss of approximately 2 Million Dollars. Brand & marketing issues Its believed that the AB C brand potentially takes sales away from the lower end G.I. products. We are supposed to analyse the above problems through a strategic perspective and methodology and give solutions and recommendations. Below are the products of our discussion.

Catcher in the Rye Song

The poesy Talk, by Coldplay is virtually feeling confused about purport, especially about the future, and needing to talk with mortal about it in order to get all the worries and concerns and fears out in the open, and hopefully try to figure out a solution to them. It is like a conversation between two people, one the person needing help, and the other the advisor. In states, reveal me how you feel.. well I feel like theyre lecture in a language I dont speak. This song relates to Holden because its about the loneliness and depression of Holden.The tone of this song is loneliness and isolation. The mood it puts me in is lonely, brokenhearted and depressed. The symbol for this song about Holden is the red hat because when he puts it on, he feels safe and makes him feel happier. This song is saying if you talk to someone about what your button by means of then you will feel better and get through things easier. I appreciate the red hat symbols this song because when Holden pu ts in on he feels protected and in the song it saying to talk to someone and have a friend there to make you feel protected and vexations for you.In the song, it states, When Holden is arduous to tell people Youll tell anyone who will listen but you feel ignored nothings rightfully making any sense at all, is like when Holden is always trying to tell people about himself or about what he thinks about, but no one seems to care and Holden feels like hes being ignored. For example, when he talks about the ducks in central park, the taxi driver refuses to talk to him about it, calling him stupid. The title its self says a lot about Holden already.The title of this song is Talk, which is something Holden doesnt do much and such do more of. He likes to save up things to himself and when he does talk, people ignore him and think he is weird. Holden doesnt like to talk to other people about what hes going through because he feels like they wont care so he doesnt talk about anything and I feel like Holden should talk to people about what hes going through so he could have feel like hes cared for and to get advice and have a someone to guide him to the right direction.When the song says, theyre talking a language I dont speak its about how Holden feels so disconnected from everyone else. He felt like everyone was a fake throughout the novel and that he couldnt relate to anyone. The music is very slow and mellow and makes me feel empty inside and when they sing, they say the lyrics very slowly and calm. The chorus is about all the possibilities that life holds, and all the things that we can achieve.In the song is says, you could climb a ladder up to the sun, or write a song nobody had sung, or do something thats never been done. This song is also talking about his deceased brother, saying how he is scared about the future because he has been in and out of schools so many times it will definitely affect him. This song is about the sadness felt at not having his brot her around to give him advice during a difficult time in his life. Its really sad and emotional and the guitar riffs emphasize the anguish and strong emotion.I can relate to this song. Its clearly about trying urgently to talk to someone about something but they can never speak of whats on their mind because they can never get through to anyone, so they keep their feelings to themselves. The main theme of this song is no matter what we do in life, we never do it alone. I think this song is about losing someone you really care about and finding a way to talk but cant get through to them through spirit. It seems to be a song about not relating to the rest of the world, and wondering what the future holds.

Micro And Nano Electromechanical Systems Engineering Essay

IntroductionIt is the procedure by which electricity drives all highly little mechanical turn of eventss. It consists of both electrical and mechanical constituents. Components argon in the cooking stove of 1 to 100 smallns in size and due to its large-minded surface to vividness ratio electrostatics and wetting twinges dominate. MEMS are fabricated utilizing semiconducting material device fiction engineerings chiefly ingestiond to fabricate smaller devices. MEMS is categorized as actuators and sensing elements. Detectors are non invasive whereas actuators are invasive and modify the environment. MEMS produce big shape of devices, which subscribe indistinguishable be tenaciousingss, by batch bear on. In aerospace field dependability is more of import compared to batch processing, as the ballistic capsule has to work for agelong clip with give away failure. Miniaturization of electronics is brought about by decreased cost and mass production. These factors along with decre ased size, tilt, cost, detectors and actuators are used in miniaturisition of electronics. Micro engineering science engineering get out profit aerospace systems due to decreased size, mass and part demands. Batch fiction of MEMS brought about the revolution of incorporate devices 1 3 5 .MEMS integrate the non-electronic detectors with signal conditioning and digital logic electronics on a individual bit. Hence the constituents nooky be altered based on their on the trick status. Actuators are chiefly used to command flux. In aerospace applications MEMS are inserted into micro propulsion systems, strain detectors, inertial gesture detectors, magnetic field detectors, force per unit domain detectors, f first gear rate detectors and so on 1 .Few Instruments USED FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONSMicromachined air-breathing propulsors and actuatorsMEMS engineering has been used in the industry of solid-state propulsion, called the celluloid jet. It is based on the construct of pumping the fluid in oscillating gesture. Actuator has a little spate in a pit. Volume of this pit can be modulated in an oscillating manner. To drive this volume of the pit any mechanical device can be used such that it operates at its resonate frequence. The construction is operated at its resonating frequence so that the drive amplitudes, which are achieved, are moderate. Sucking and blowing the fluid instead through a little hole is how the actuator operates. It should be take attention that the pump shot has a directed jet whereas the suction shot will pull fluid from all waies. last we see that the unstable drawn from the sides has low impulse and the fluid expelled upwards has higher impulse 2 4 .The disadvantage of this device is that it is non really efficacious as a device on the whole as the entire impulse imparted to the jet is really little. Man- do jets, which are fabricated by MEMS, have the undermentioned advantages i ) uniformity if the device is high and t he losingss due to mechanical inefficiencies are reduced due to high Q public intro of MEMS cardinal ) affect of the system can be increased by building arrays of actuators 2 4 .NMP ST5 THERMAL LOUVERSThis looks at the flight proof of advanced micro sat engineerings that have non yet been flown to blank space so that the hazard associated with the hereafter NASA missions can be reduced. MEMS shutters have been developed for smart thermic control 2 .JWST MICROSHUTTER ARRAYJames Webb station Telescope has developed a MEMS based microshutter array. This was developed near the mass spectrometer instrument. It is composed of for faculties with dimensions of 175 by 384 pels. This device is advantageous as these microshutter are extremely selectively configurable in ball club to do usage of the NASA s sensor. It is made out of Si nitride membrane 2 4 .INCHWORM MICROACTUATORSThis is developed for extremist preciseness placement of the mirror sections in the ballistic caps ule. This was chiefly developed utilizing the MEMS/NEMS engineering 2 .NMP ST6 INERTIAL STELLAR CAMERAIt combines MEMS inertial detectors with active pel detectors in rule to do it a multifunctional bundle. This s used to take high-resolution exposures in infinite. It has embedded MEMS gyroscope 2 .MICROTHRUSTERSThese enable micropropulsive tactics for formation winging and at any rate the menstruationing of nano, pico and micro orbiters exactly. Without MEMS engineering being used for propulsion these devices can non fulfill the limited system mass and power restraints. MEMS engineering is used it provides the advantage of high denseness, low power and volume, big push degrees, quotable push vectors and integrating is simple. For MEMS we make usage of a Si substratum for fabricating 2 .Fabrication OF MEMS TECHNOLOGYMEMS fiction is a fortune of the fiction engineerings. Traditional machining procedure uses big burden of diverse stuffs, 3-dimensional devices can be fabrica te in pitch to bring forth precise devices. When we use MEMS fiction the stuffs used are more limited but little dimension devices can be manufactured. The fiction modes can be grouped into iii chief classs. They areLithography, Galvanoformung, Abformung ( LIGA )Bulk micromachiningSacrificial surface micromachiningThe last two procedures are silicon based. Bulk micromachining utilizations wet or dry etching procedures besides in order to bring forth isotropic and anisotropic stuffs. They produce MEMS structures that can be used for inertial detectors, force per unit area detectors and noses 3 5 .LIGA It helps to do complex constructions of metals, which are electroplatable, and holding high positionting ratios and slurredness of several hundred micrometers. This procedure makes usage of ten beam lithography, thick resist beds and metals in order to organize complex constructions. The procedure starts by lodging a thin bed of sacrificial bed used for dividing the LIGA aw kward from the country of the substrate after fiction. This has good adhesion and merely a think stuff will be sputter deposited. Titanium and Ni are the common stuff used for this procedure. X ray synchrotron is done following in order to bring forth walls over the thick resist to for a mask. Then we do electroplating of the base stuff after which shining is done. The sacrificial bed is removed in order to bring forth the LIGA portion. Magnetic propulsion is possible with this 3 5 .BULK MICROMACHINING The different countries that have to considered during etching isDissemblingSelectivity of etch due to crystallographic orientationEtch halt and stop point sensingEndpoint sensing is used in order to command the deepness of the etch and besides to minimise the ill-treat to the movies lying beneath. Plasma etching is best suited for this procedure 3 5 .SACRIFIAL SURFACE MICROMACHINING This method is holding its roots on deposition, modeling and etching of stuffs on a substra te. They will hold alternate beds of sacrificial and substrate stuff. Sacrificial bed is removed towards the terminal of the procedure, which consequences in a mechanical construction. An anneal is required in order to cut down the degrees of emphasis. The MEMS micromachines are much larger and thicker compared to the microelectronic devices 3 5 .MEMS bundles for aerospace applications these bundles are used in order to minimise the size, cost, mass and complexity of the system. It helps to supply interface between the overall system and the constituents. These bundles must run into demands such as thermic cycling, humidness, high temperature operation, radiation therapy and daze to call a few 3 5 .MECHANICAL SUPPORT This is extremely mechanical in nature hence it has to be harbored from high acceleration, mechanical daze, radiation and other physical amendss associated with it. This depends strictly on the applications like when a ballistic capsule lands on the planet s surface it will see greater mechanical daze than any other ballistic capsule. Coefficient of thermic enlargement ( CTE ) of the MEMS bundle should be equal to or greater than CTE of Si on order for it to be dependable. The thermic parametric quantities can ensue in delamination or decease checking if there is any job with the Si or emphasis. after CTE job is take attention of the following thing to be considered is physical harm 3 5 .Protection FROM ENVIRONMENT- MEMS packaging has to be protected from physical harm and besides when it is packaged during fiction and before it is sealed. Main attention has to be taken because of its reaction with wet as it causes the stuffs to swell, emphasis and delaminate. Hence, these bundles need to be hermetic with the sidewalls, base and palpebra in order for high dependability. They should be constructed from stuffs that can move as good barriers to liquid and gases and besides they should non pin down gases. rough MEMS french friess req uire vacuity conditions in order for it to run decently 3 5 .Feature size3-5m3-5m1m10-25mDevice thickness& A gt 1mm& A gt 1mm13mmVery LargeLateral dimension& A gt 2mm& A gt 2mm2mm& A gt 10mRelative tolerance10-210-210-1& A gt 10-3MaterialsElectroplated metals or injection plated plasticVery limited stuffVery limited stuffHighly big sum of stuffAssembly demandsAssembly requiredAssembly requiredAssembled as fanciedAssembly requiredScalabilityLimitedLimitedYesYesMicroelectronic intergrabilityNoYesYesNoDevice geometryTwo dimensional high facet ratioTwo dimensional high facet ratioMulti bed two dimensionalVery flexible three dimensionalProcessingParallel processing at wafer degreeParallel processing at wafer degreeParallel processing at wafer degreeConsecutive processingTable COMPARISION OF MEMS FABICATION METHODSTYPES OF MEMS PACKAGESMetallic element PACKAGES This provides first-class thermic dissipation and electromagnetic shielding. They can hold big internal volume b ut still dependable. Package will hold integrated sidewalls and base with palpebras. Materials are mainly metals like CuW, which have good thermic conduction, and higher CTE compared to silicon. pin down gases should be removed invariably as it reduces failures related to corrosion. Au-Sn solder is used when stuffs have to be bonded. Welding can besides be used or else of solder. The metallization procedure allows for wetting the conducting pin wholly to the ceramic. Incomplete wetting consequences in failure during proving 6 7 .CERAMIC PACKAGES These have low mass, cost and can be produced in majority. These can be made hermetic and can execute different map. When we incorporate multiple beds of ceramics and interconnect lines, electrical public presentation of the bundle will run into the design demands. On severally movie a metal bed is deposited utilizing thick movie processing and holes for interconnects are drilled. After these beds are fabricated the portion is fired at high temperature and MEMS and other constituents is attached to it. Many factors should be take attention of in this bundle that is the sum of holes, shriveling beds, treating temperature and ceramic belongingss. Frequently used metals are W and Mo. Normally used music directors are Ag, AgPd, Au and AuPt 6 7 .THIN-FILM MULTILAYER PACKAGES Two engineerings are used. freshman uses polyamide sheets, which are laminated together. Second, polymeric amide is used in this instance besides but each bed is spun onto and baked on carried to organize beds. In this method we use etching. The polymeric amides have cut permittivity so it has low line electrical capacity, which consequences in faster circuits 6 7 .Plastic PACKAGES These have lower fabrication cost. These are non extremely dependable and are non anchoritic in nature. These bundles are susceptible to checking in humid environment. Hence these bundles have non gained much vastness 6 .EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS OF MEMS FOR SPACEMEMS devices used for infinite applications have reduced weight, cost, size and power ingestion. Common detectors and actuators used are accelerometers, gyroscopes, gaussmeters and spectrometers.VARIABLE EMITTANCE COATING INSTRUMENT FOR SPACE TECHNOLOGY 5The skin on the orbiter where we need to maintain the MEMS based thermic control is called variable emittance surfacing instrument. This consist of 2 parts I ) MEMS shutter array radiator ( MSA ) and electronic control unit ( ECA ) . MSA located on bottom deck of ballistic capsule whereas ECA located within the ballistic capsule. Consists of arrays in the order of 150mm long and 6 millimeters broad shutters and are driven by electrostatic combs. Device exposed to the radiator and substrate should be thermally and electrically coupled to the radiator so that disturb is allowed to reassign and electric charging is prevented. A polymer called CPI, which is both transmissive and electrically conductive, is used to extinguish the jeopardies due to environment. A 4mm movie midst is sandwiched and bonded. CPI movie is suspended in a higher place shutters and Acts of the Apostless as a barrier between MEMS and environment. Coating of InSnO2 is applied to for electrical conduction 7 .FLAT PLASMA SPECTROMETER FOR THE USAFA FALCONSAT-3MEMS fiction helped in doing usage of direct plasma spectrometer ( FIaPS ) , which provides finer declarations and angular distributions. FIaPS was placed on the orbiter which will so mensurate the ion spectra derived function in energy. This instrument includes a PCB, power supply, detector caput array and human body. Sensor caput is fabricated and assembled, it consists of an array of indistinguishable spectrometer faculties and an anode home base for sensing. This consists of three beds of Si and two beds of Be Cu. Five beds are stacked instead. CuBe home bases were used for preciseness to accomplish array of channels. Each Si had 5 dies. Wafer was diced such that each of the five dies are bonded separately to the CuBe home bases. The remainder of the points were assembled and packaged into ballistic capsule interface lodging unit utilizing many prison guards. Bonded constituents of detector caput used iridite plated aluminum rods for maintain the MCP 7 .MICROMIRROR ARRAYS FOR THE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE ( JWST )JWST is equipped with mutiobject spectrometer, MEMS mirror arrays which acts as a slit mask for the spectrometer and selectively direct visible radiation from different parts in the infinite to the spectrometer. CMOS driver bit was designed. Large french friess are bonded onto Si substrate to extinguish emphasiss due to mismatched coefficients between the bit and substrate. CMOS assembly was put inside the bundle utilizing peripheral force per unit area contacts 7 .MICRO outflow JET ENGINESThis is a micromachined actuator used for propulsion and energy transitions. This device is being developed presently consists of a compressor, burning chamber and turbine. It uses H as its fuel. High aspect ratio of this device is obtained utilizing reactive ion etching ( RIE ) which is an advanced method of MEMS engineering 7 .Detectors and Actuators in Aerospace ApplicationsDetectors are used in assortment of aerospace applications like set downing cogwheel, ice protection. Measuring of fuel and pilotage. Modern airplanes have automated cockpits and a batch for information about the aircrafts tallness, velocity, temperature and cabin force per unit area is given by the array of detectors in it. These vehicles besides have automatic pilotage due to inertial counsel systems and conditions updates are given continuously. These detectors are serviceable in meteoric facets to cognize more about the conditions 7 .The usage of MEMS in aerospace systems is extremely application particular and reduced the size, power ingestion and weight at the constituent degree. The cost and advantage and electronic integrating capacities of MEMS will assist in leting distributed measuring and propulsion. This helps in cut downing size, wet marrow and it becomes more vulnerable and dependable 7 .DecisionHere we have seen a big figure of packaging applications that s have been used by MEMS devices in infinite applications. In the semiconducting material industry, these bundles are the lone devices that can protect devices from radiation and this holds for packaging of MEMS device. These actuators and detectors need to be exposed to the environment to execute their legitimate maps besides due to the individualism of MEMS devices, there is no general bundle solution, every device requires its ain bundle attack of MEMS. The bundle needs to protect the device from all the environmental conditions. Humid and wet content has to be taken attention of decently for MEMS bundles to be dependable. There been many chances to turn out how utile these bundles are in the flight and infinite applications. In order to larn more about ME MS applications many more flight chances should be made 6 .

Are Leaders – born or made?

The most argumentative and the most widely researchedtopic in the field of leadership is if the leaders are born or made. As on today, the government issueant phenomenon of the widely done research is neutral, with few of the researcherssupporting the former surmise while few supporting the later one. The critical point inthe discussion had been the genetical influence on an individual which makes him/her aleader. Although, it is not confutable that few leaders the world has seen were born to rule,however, I would like to give my opinion in regards of the later i.e. attracters are made.The basic feature which defines a leader is Intelligence.Every individual born is blessed with intelligence, it is just how one groom onesintelligence level and put in to the outstrip use which makes him/her a leader. Besides,intelligence thither are many more characteristics which an individual needs to inculcate inoneself to become an inspirational leader.These characteristics include real wil l anddetermination towards achievement, influencing the peoples mind and actions, highlyself motivated, possessing skills and talents and nourishing and nurturing them atregular time periods. All these features and many more added to them plications a simpleindividual into a leader. The leadership skills and talents could be either adopted or learntby one whilst moving ahead at different spheres of life. A stabilized ongoingdevelopment of the intellectual growth and enhancement of various skills and talents atdifferent levels of an individual development plays a pivotal role in the making of a greatleader.Todays world has seen a large number of leaders indifferent spheres. As Shakespeare puts in any(prenominal) are born great, some achieve greatnessand some pay greatness thrust upon them. No single conclusion could be deprived onthe formation of these leaders. It is essential for a person to realize and recognize thetraits they possess at earlier later stages in life and later en hancement of these traits wouldresult in utilizing them optimally throughout the life.A consistent approach towardsgrooming ones skills and talents besides developing intellectual growth would be themost efficient radical to become a great leader. Adopting different leadership traits whileworking would also prove to be beneficial. Experience would definitely get counted in aspositive in leadership development.Leadership is not only determined by the character andcapacities of the leader, but definitely also by the followers if there are no followersthere is no leader. Empowerment, ownership and curiosity are the features which onesderived evolves leadership in every individual (Lance, 2004). All the features discussedso farther could be easily adopted by any normal sound minded individual.No hard and fastrules are required to adopt them and no genetical attributes are needed to acquire them it is just an individuals strong will and determination over becoming a leader whichwould t urn him/her into a great leader. Thus, I conclude, stating although a large numberof leaders are termed as born leaders, yet there work and experience have made themleaders in actual sense.REFERENCES Adair, John. 1998 Leadership Skills. CIPD Publishing Covey, Stephen. R. 2004 The 8th Habit From Effectiveness to Greatness.Simon & Schuster Publishers Secretan, Lance. 2004 Inspire What Great Leaders Do. John Wiley & SonsPublishers. Zenger, John. H. 2002 The Extraordinary Leader Turning Good Managers intoGreat Leaders. McGraw Hill Professional Publishers.

Is the American Dream over? Essay

The American Dream is the American ideal of a joyful and successful life to which all may aspire. The American Dream is a belief that, in the United States, if a person wants something, they can make it happen. Its the attitude that no one can hold a person back from their own personal intakes. If someone desires to start a company, and willing to spend a penny hard, they can achieve the dream. There is no racism, sexism, or discrimi population that can place limits on wealth, stature, appearance or health. Any dream can be made real because of the freedoms we enjoy granted by our constitution and moral standards we as a nation live up to.Immigrants also that come to this nation to escape oppression from their governments around the world or just looking for a better opportunity can live free and run aft(prenominal) the American Dream. However, slowly the American dream is becoming more than difficult to achieve in our society. Opportunities for success be progressively diminis hing because of the rapid enlargement of government and its intrusion in our lives. I do not believe the American Dream is dead but it is more difficult to obtain. We may not need a college degree to achieve it but it will make it somewhat easier.The dream starts with individuals taking personal responsibility for their own lives, their own perform and their own success. The dream isnt about getting rich. It is about working hard and intelligently which brings natural rewards. The American dream is liberty and self-government. We the people are free to choose what we want to do with our lives. Originally the American Dream was having freedom of speech and religion. It has evolved into personal prosperity which includes a family, home ownership and tested transportation.Cal Thomass newest column is a controversial argument in the New York Times about the American Dream. Columnist Bob Herberts commented on Thomas column, However you want to define the American dream, there is not m uch of it thats left anymore(Herbert, 568-569). Thomas doesnt dispute the point, pull to argue that the definition of the American dream makes a difference. He agrees that theres not much left of Herberts version of the American dream as opposed to the original dream, which remains for those who would embrace it.Herberts version of the American Dream is liberalisms American dream, which has proved unsustainable. Thomas equates the liberal American dream with an entitlement mentality that has produced a country of government addicts devoid of self-reliance, individual initiative and personal accountability. For Thomas, this is a dream in the worst sense of the word. pot who believe a politician of whatever party or persuasion can make their life better than individual initiative are doing more than dreaming, he writes, such persons are displaying cult-like faith, which can never be fulfilled(Thomas, 569).

Phenomenology and the sociology of knowledge Essay

Phenomenology can both be understood to be a chink and a movement in the history of philosophy. As a discipline, Phenomology can be defined to be the study of structures of experience and consciousness. Ontology, epistemology, logic and ethics ar other disciplines which argon related to Phenomology though they are distinct (Schulz, Wagner, 1997). In a different perspective, Phenomology can be defined as a historic movement which was launched by enceinte thinkers such as Edmund Husserl among others in the 20th century. Phenomenology and kind scienceCommon theories present in social science are based in the real world. This leads to my conviction that phenomenological research can be used in the future studies of some methods which are in use in social science. Phenomenology can further be used in social science to facilitate the understanding of some phenomenons which are often taken for granted. For instance, man is assumed to be social being and language and communication syste ms do exist. Methods in social science fail to address why in that respect is mutual understanding and communication and why men are motivated by certain experiences.Moreover, the social science methods fail to describe the underlying self-confidence and their implications in the interpretation of social interrelationship (Collins, 1998). All these can just now be addressed through philosophical analysis which Husserl referred to as phenomenological philosophy. Phenomenology can withal be used to bring meaning and insights to the study of grief, anxiety and pain which are some social issues which affect the very existence of man. Through phenomenology, social scientists can account and analytically describe the acts of intentional consciousness.Finally, phenomenology creates a bridge for the phenomenological sociology which provides an understand ding of the formal structures common in everyday day life. Sociology of companionship Sociology of knowledge refers to the study of t he social sources of knowledge and its impact on the society. In the study, knowledge is assumed to be a cultural product which can only be understood in the social context of its origin. The study is important to Collins in that it provides an explanation to most of the philosophical ideas which exist.In his book, he asserts that great and philosophical ideas are only produced through interaction between humans whose construction relies on the social structure of the intellectual world. Through the sociology of knowledge, Collins is equal to explain that the rationalization process of Western, Indian and Asian philosophies has only been achieved through conceptual framework and social knowledge. He uses the sociology of knowledge to explain that social processes afford an explanation as to why what is said to whom which he calls the sociology of thinking (Geoffrey, 2003).He also asserts that through the sociology of knowledge one is in a capacity to assure the conversation betwe en two individuals if only their characteristics and the emotional synergies are known. He further uses the sociology of knowledge to explain how it is possible to predict the thinking process of an individual. though thinking is an internalized conversation, Collins asserts that what we think is often a reflection of what we write on paper or we talk with other people. Collins believes that emotional vitality and what we anticipate for the future determines our thinking process (Collins, 1998).Finally, the sociology of knowledge has enable Collins to describe the philosophical transformations which have been achieved in modern Europe, Japan and china. References Collins, R. (1998). The Sociology of Philosophies A global Theory Of Intellectual Change Harvard University press, USA ISBN 0-674-00187-7 Geoffrey, L. (2003). Modern Philosophy. London Routledge Schulz, A. & Wagner, H. (1997). On Phenomenology and Social Relations Selected Writings. University of Chicago press. London ISB N 0-226-74153-2

How motivation theories can be applied in your work-place?

Discuss how motif theories can be applied in your exploit-place in install to push your practice done fortunately? Quote with examples to view as the answer? Organizations and their managers be understandably interested about demand. Every manager and leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees move no matter what place those employees argon in their careers. propel employees are happy, productive and loyal. Motivation is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be low with soulality or emotion.A propel person can be reaching for a long-term culture or a more short goal. Personality invariably refers to more or less lasting characteristics of an individuals state of being (e. g. , shy, extrovert, conscientious). As impertinent to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately plug in to behavior (e. g. , anger, grief, happiness). The sizeableness of motivation in the body of work allows managers to take in employ ee motivation action plans.There are m all theories of employee motivation in todays business society, such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, MacGregors Theories X&Y, Herzbergs Two Factor speculation, Three-Needs Theory and Goals- mountain Theory etc. The cay to choosing the right one dep hold backs on how intimately it matches up to your office. In my opinion Maslows pecking clubhouse of of necessity fits best for exclusively about business models. Maslow proposed that demand are fulfill in a trusted order and that higher- take aim needs can only be satisfied once lower-level needs are met.The needs are, from bottom to top of the hierarchy physiological (the need for solid food and water), safety and security, social, esteem and status, and the need for self-actualization, or living up to ones full potential. In the workplace, most employees physiological needs are met. Given that they line up safe, employees leave behind be concerned about satisfying their needs for soc ial interaction and about receiving confirming feedback and support (esteem) for their work. With all of these needs met, employees can stay motivated to do their best work.Employee motivation theories choose created success for the workplace and allday life. The cause view as been entangle by both employees and leaders. Understanding the importance of motivation leads to self-motivating. Theories of motivation allow us to determine what level of desire a person is exiting to excel. With that knowledge in place, leaders can employ suitable employee motivation strategies. How to apply those motivation theories into our workplace? Lets find out some examples in my workplace Surveys My Company have a big purview every year to all employees.The survey here asked employees 10 questions about their anxiety groups. They grade each manager on a plate of one to five. The areas of questioned covered topics bid favoritism, respect, work ethic, following of policy, etc. The results of the survey were used on end of year reviews. Surveys are used wide today by almost every company. Companies use the feedback to burst problems and solutions. They may even shed lightsome on workable new opportunities that were previously overlooked. Surveys can be used in the determination of whether any barriers exist.Barriers can take the form of ethical liberates and problems with co-workers just to bring up a few. Its critical to identify these be roadblocks and eliminate them for an easier motivating process. Understanding Employees In my company, management team provide spend a teeny time to gurgle with each of employees that get out go a long panache. They not just talk about work they also talk about what employees like to do outside of work. It makes employees come to the shoemakers last that company actually care about them. These facts will suffice them run their business more effectively.The most primary(prenominal) point here is that they will not not ion just like a number. Setting Goals Our management team messting goals for our projects, we able to persist with the heel of tasks and are compelled to develop strategies in order to reach our objective. Goal setting enhances performance by increase motivation and struggles, but most significantly through increasing and improving the quality of feedback. The main take in of goal setting is the constant feedback turn working toward accomplishing the goal.Most quality feedback requires constant supervisor interaction, but pull in goal setting can contribute employees consistent knowledge about their progress and aid them in self-evaluations and decisions such as increasing effort or changing methods. Employee Recognition Program My Company has set up an employee of the month program. The most majuscule employee will have awards like gift cards, days off. These programs are designed to motivate employees through awards. If just use traditional things like plaques and coffee m ugs that aver employee of the month.They will feel like you went out of your behavior for them. Enjoyable Work Environment This is the most important things to create employees motivation. Having a pleasant workplace purlieu will help in motivating employees and increase performance. Having variation is also a great way to manage Stress. For example, we will have Christmas party, Annual dinner and Chinese New Year lunch every year provided by company. Assemble Roundtable Committee In my Company, there are some key plenty like mid-level leaders, Department Heads group together and cull one representative.This individual will bet with management to discuss issues and concerns of the employees. Leaders often will say they have an open door policy. scarcely legion(predicate) employees will not believe this. This perpetration will allow leaders to maintain a calm workplace. So in short leaders get a good work environment, committee members feel important, and employees have a w ay to vent. Cross reading My Company arrange cross preparation for employees to join. The purpose of cross training is for several people to have knowledge of other coworkers jobs. This will solve coverage problems like days off and vacations.This is a great way to create employee motivation throughout the company. It will benefit the employees by increasing skills learned, possible advancement and job security. In Conclusion, motivation is a complicated subject to understand because we as people are so individual. Many variant factors motivate people in the workplace. It is important that companies find successful ways to motivate employees. If motivation is an issue that is neglected because of its complexity or any other priming the results can be devastating on the long term health of that group.Managers act as the doctors canvass the problem and creating effective treatment. If the treatment is conservatively prescribed a weak company can arrive strong and vibrant once a gain. No other issue has as far reaching do in so many areas as motivation does in the workplace and careful attention must(prenominal) be made to ensure that those effects are positive and enable further growth. It is also important that employees find ways to relieve filter out and make the work day more relaxed. All of these things will make for a pleasant and more productive workplace.How motivation theories can be applied in your work-place?Discuss how motivation theories can be applied in your work-place in order to get your work done successfully? Quote with examples to support the answer? Organizations and their managers are understandably concerned about motivation. Every manager and leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Motivated employees are happy, productive and loyal. Motivation is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused with personality or emotion.A mo tivated person can be reaching for a long-term goal or a more short-term goal. Personality invariably refers to more or less permanent characteristics of an individuals state of being (e. g. , shy, extrovert, conscientious). As opposed to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately link to behavior (e. g. , anger, grief, happiness). The importance of motivation in the workplace allows managers to create employee motivation action plans.There are many theories of employee motivation in todays business society, such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, MacGregors Theories X&Y, Herzbergs Two Factor Theory, Three-Needs Theory and Goals-Setting Theory etc. The key to choosing the right one depends on how closely it matches up to your office. In my opinion Maslows hierarchy of needs fits best for most business models. Maslow proposed that needs are satisfied in a certain order and that higher-level needs can only be satisfied once lower-level needs are met.The needs ar e, from bottom to top of the hierarchy physiological (the need for food and water), safety and security, social, esteem and status, and the need for self-actualization, or living up to ones full potential. In the workplace, most employees physiological needs are met. Given that they feel safe, employees will be concerned about satisfying their needs for social interaction and about receiving positive feedback and support (esteem) for their work. With all of these needs met, employees can stay motivated to do their best work.Employee motivation theories have created success for the workplace and everyday life. The effects have been felt by both employees and leaders. Understanding the importance of motivation leads to self-motivating. Theories of motivation allow us to determine what level of desire a person is willing to excel. With that knowledge in place, leaders can employ proper employee motivation strategies. How to apply those motivation theories into our workplace? Lets find out some examples in my workplace Surveys My Company have a big survey every year to all employees.The survey here asked employees 10 questions about their management teams. They grade each manager on a scale of one to five. The areas of questioned covered topics like favoritism, respect, work ethic, following of policy, etc. The results of the survey were used on end of year reviews. Surveys are used widely today by almost every company. Companies use the feedback to discover problems and solutions. They may even shed light on possible new opportunities that were previously overlooked. Surveys can be used in the determination of whether any barriers exist.Barriers can take the form of ethical issues and problems with co-workers just to name a few. Its critical to identify these existing roadblocks and eliminate them for an easier motivating process. Understanding Employees In my company, management team will spend a little time to talk with each of employees that will go a long way . They not just talk about work they also talk about what employees like to do outside of work. It makes employees come to the conclusion that company actually care about them. These facts will help them run their business more effectively.The most important point here is that they will not feel just like a number. Setting Goals Our management team setting goals for our projects, we able to persist with the list of tasks and are compelled to develop strategies in order to reach our objective. Goal setting enhances performance by increasing motivation and efforts, but most importantly through increasing and improving the quality of feedback. The main benefit of goal setting is the constant feedback while working toward accomplishing the goal.Most quality feedback requires constant supervisor interaction, but clear goal setting can give employees consistent knowledge about their progress and aid them in self-evaluations and decisions such as increasing effort or changing methods. Empl oyee Recognition Program My Company has set up an employee of the month program. The most outstanding employee will have awards like gift cards, days off. These programs are designed to motivate employees through awards. If just use traditional things like plaques and coffee mugs that say employee of the month.They will feel like you went out of your way for them. Enjoyable Work Environment This is the most important things to create employees motivation. Having a pleasant workplace environment will help in motivating employees and increase performance. Having fun is also a great way to manage Stress. For example, we will have Christmas party, Annual dinner and Chinese New Year lunch every year provided by company. Assemble Roundtable Committee In my Company, there are some key people like mid-level leaders, Department Heads group together and elect one representative.This individual will meet with management to discuss issues and concerns of the employees. Leaders often will say th ey have an open door policy. But many employees will not believe this. This committee will allow leaders to maintain a calm workplace. So in short leaders get a good work environment, committee members feel important, and employees have a way to vent. Cross Training My Company arrange cross training for employees to join. The purpose of cross training is for several people to have knowledge of other coworkers jobs. This will solve coverage problems like days off and vacations.This is a great way to create employee motivation throughout the company. It will benefit the employees by increasing skills learned, possible advancement and job security. In Conclusion, motivation is a complicated subject to understand because we as people are so individual. Many different factors motivate people in the workplace. It is important that companies find successful ways to motivate employees. If motivation is an issue that is neglected because of its complexity or any other reason the results can be devastating on the long term health of that group.Managers act as the doctors diagnosing the problem and creating effective treatment. If the treatment is carefully prescribed a weak company can become strong and vibrant once again. No other issue has as far reaching effects in so many areas as motivation does in the workplace and careful attention must be made to ensure that those effects are positive and enable further growth. It is also important that employees find ways to relieve stress and make the work day more relaxed. All of these things will make for a pleasant and more productive workplace.

Most Dangerous Game

The Most knockout Game be examples of foil point of references with deuce very different personlaties as well as vulcanized fiberistics. These twain casefuls are on opposite sides of the spectrum. Zar out is the hunter and Rainsford is the prey in this story. Also, normal Zaroff has very unethical ideas and hobbies. This is very different from Rainsfords human racee beliefs. Lastly, Zaroff is far more ostentatious compared to Rainsford, who is more resourceful with his search experience.It is clear that their character traits differ greatly. To begin, Zaroff and Rainsford have two very different roles in The Most Dangerous Game. General Zaroff is perceived as the hunter and Rainsford is the prey. Zaroff presents a peppy where the two characters hunt each other(a). Although Rainsford wins this game, Zaroff is cognize as the hunter. This is because he is known for catch humans. He has alike never lost this game to each of his other opponents. Rainsford is seen as the prey (prior to him winning) because he is against hunting humans and considers it murder.He similarly appears to be afraid of Zaroff in he beginning. I wish to move on this island at once (Connel 175). This represents his fear. Knowing this, it is automatically assumed that Zaroff ordain hunt and kill Rainsford. To continue, the two characters are considered foils because they have different beliefs and morals. General Zaroff is open somewhat his out of bounds of hunting humans. He even ridicules Rainsford by saying that he harbors romantic ideas round the value of human life (Connel 172). On the other hand, Rainsfords character hunts animals. He considers it murder to hunt human beings.Zaroffs evidence for hunting humans is hat they are subject to reason with the hunter, therefore making it more of a argufy to hunt them. One possible reason for this difference of morals are the nationality of the two men. General Zaroff is Russian small-arm Rainsford is American. This co uld explain the difference because the market-gardening and lifestyle of the two countries could cause its citizens to act in indisputable ways. Additionally, Zaroff and Rainsford are foil characters because of their behavior and character. In the story General Zaroff is ostentatious while Rainsford is more resourceful.Zaroff shows off his home and lifestyle when Rainsford is there. He besides appears bossy in the story. He orders around Ivan and seems to brag about the people he is training in his basement. This might as well be a reason that Zaroff loses the game. To date I have non lost, he said (Connel 174). He underestimates Rainsfords abilities and is too confident about himself. He is sure that he impart win the game. Rainsford is considered resourceful because he uses features of the forest to build traps for Zaroff and his dogs quaternary times in the story. He also uses his Knowledge 0T nuntlng to create a trall tnats OITTlcult to Tollow Dy Laron.RalnsTora relies on his talents while Zaroff seems to rely on other sources much(prenominal) as the hounds. In conclusion, General Zaroff and Rainsford represent foil characters in The Most Dangerous Game. They are two extremely different people with different beliefs and traits. Zaroffs character is an amoral one who likes to hunt humans. His character is also depicted as the showy and arrogant hunter. Rainsford on the other hand is ethical compared to Zaroff. He is also seen as the prey of the story. General Zaroff and Rainsford are very frank examples of foil characters.Most Dangerous GameThe Most Dangerous Game are examples of foil characters with two very different personlaties as well as characteristics. These two characters are on opposite sides of the spectrum. Zaroff is the hunter and Rainsford is the prey in this story. Also, General Zaroff has very unethical ideas and hobbies. This is very different from Rainsfords humane beliefs. Lastly, Zaroff is far more ostentatious compared to Rainsf ord, who is more resourceful with his hunting experience.It is clear that their character traits differ greatly. To begin, Zaroff and Rainsford have two very different roles in The Most Dangerous Game. General Zaroff is perceived as the hunter and Rainsford is the prey. Zaroff presents a game where the two characters hunt each other. Although Rainsford wins this game, Zaroff is known as the hunter. This is because he is known for hunting humans. He has also never lost this game to any of his other opponents. Rainsford is seen as the prey (prior to him winning) because he is against hunting humans and considers it murder.He also appears to be afraid of Zaroff in he beginning. I wish to leave this island at once (Connel 175). This represents his fear. Knowing this, it is automatically assumed that Zaroff will hunt and kill Rainsford. To continue, the two characters are considered foils because they have different beliefs and morals. General Zaroff is open about his hobby of hunting h umans. He even ridicules Rainsford by saying that he harbors romantic ideas about the value of human life (Connel 172). On the other hand, Rainsfords character hunts animals. He considers it murder to hunt human beings.Zaroffs reason for hunting humans is hat they are able to reason with the hunter, therefore making it more of a challenge to hunt them. One possible reason for this difference of morals are the nationality of the two men. General Zaroff is Russian while Rainsford is American. This could explain the difference because the culture and lifestyle of the two countries could cause its citizens to act in certain ways. Additionally, Zaroff and Rainsford are foil characters because of their behavior and character. In the story General Zaroff is ostentatious while Rainsford is more resourceful.Zaroff shows off his home and lifestyle when Rainsford is there. He also appears bossy in the story. He orders around Ivan and seems to brag about the people he is training in his basemen t. This might also be a reason that Zaroff loses the game. To date I have not lost, he said (Connel 174). He underestimates Rainsfords abilities and is too confident about himself. He is sure that he will win the game. Rainsford is considered resourceful because he uses features of the forest to build traps for Zaroff and his dogs multiple times in the story. He also uses his Knowledge 0T nuntlng to create a trall tnats OITTlcult to Tollow Dy Laron.RalnsTora relies on his talents while Zaroff seems to rely on other sources such as the hounds. In conclusion, General Zaroff and Rainsford represent foil characters in The Most Dangerous Game. They are two extremely different people with different beliefs and traits. Zaroffs character is an amoral one who likes to hunt humans. His character is also depicted as the showy and arrogant hunter. Rainsford on the other hand is ethical compared to Zaroff. He is also seen as the prey of the story. General Zaroff and Rainsford are very obvious ex amples of foil characters.

Did Women Have a Renaissance?

The reincarnation was the magazine period between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries that led to the beginning of many new ideas and developments. It was a season period of prosperity for many European countries especially Italy. Economic and intellectual changes occurred and it also gave the opportunity for many new doors to open to new directions in art, social, scientific, and political beliefs. Although during this time of great reform women had minimal amounts of influence. It is argued, that because of this lack of power, the term Renaissance does not needs apply to omen, and it was a title that was given to them afterwards.Women were excluded from the opportunity to take part in the rebirth of untarnished ideas due to lack of instruction, stereotypical beliefs about women, and because many women married young making it rattling gainsay to pursue further education. Women were denied opportunities to participate in the Renaissance due to the lack of education the m ajor(ip)ity of women during this time received. Howal slip bearing, as in many cases there is an exception to this statement. An example of this in truth rare exception during this time erred is a letter from Angelo Boliviano to an focal ratio class maiden Cassandra Fiddle.Angelo observes that she is one of the few better women of her age. (DOC 1 champion should approach this document with caution because the source is a humanist letter to a wealthy speed class woman. On the other hand John Knox once observed that it would be awful if women ever reigned supreme over men. (DOC . ) John Knox in some ways was correct and in some ways was incorrect. John Knox was correct if he was commenting on the overall intellectual ability of most women at the time. However, piss this time there were a few women who were well educated and some who even reigned over men.Women during the Renaissance carried rough a large amount of stereotypes. Many of which were very critical about the way women should act, the way they should be nothing more than a house keeper, and how women were not adequate to(p) to grow well educated enough to do anything worthwhile in their lifes. Francesco Barbara observed that women should never speak in public unless verbalize to. (Doc. ) However, one should take count of the point of view of the source because Francesco was Presbyterian. Presbyterian at this time listened very fast to anything that the founder of their religion said.In which case Presbyterian did anything John Knox said or did. John Knox highly disliked the world-beater of Scotland Mary because she was not a Presbyterian. John Nooks teachings brought along many stereotypes women would have to burden during this time. The most major reason women of this time werent able to pursue further education is because of the age at which they would become married. When these women would become married many of them would not even be considered a legal adult by todays standards. gibe to (Doc. The majority of women would get married at the age of 17 or 18.However, one should be able to see that this source doesnt account for women that were forced to marry at a younger age and then they wouldve preferred. This source does show that this would more than likely not allow women to pursue a higher education unless the family could afford a private tutor. Which were only possible if the woman was from a very wealthy upper class family. It is argued that many women during this time period wished not to be women. (Doc. ) Shows that Siesta Angola once wrote that she wondered why she was born a women when here were already some many in the world.Women were excluded from the chance to take part in the rebirth of classical ideas due to lack of education, stereotypical beliefs about women, and because many women married young making it very difficult to pursue further schooling. Women did not experience a renaissance because the view on women were very critical and primarily demanded women were only made to reproduce and house keep. During this time period many women around the world experienced this kind of treatment from men. With the exceptions off few places like Japan.

Fundamentals of Leadership Mindmap

Semiotics Symbols ar a content of talk laughingstock include authority and movement. A symbol is something which signifies something else. The purpose of symbols is to convey nitty-gritty. Semiotics Symbols are a means of communication bed include authority and process. A symbol is something which signifies something else. The purpose of symbols is to convey meaning. Ideology cryst all toldine set of ideas and their beneathpinning logic, which inform effect, preferences. It is the mannikin we use to make sense of the world.It is completely visible to those who can smack beyond the message, it lures people into forgetting that meaning is always amicablely constructed. Ideology Coherent set of ideas and their underpinning logic, which inform action, preferences. It is the framework we use to make sense of the world. It is only visible to those who can look beyond the message, it lures people into forgetting that meaning is always socially constructed. Hegemony The rule or influence of one country over others. The self-assurance or leadership of one social sort out over others.Gramsci developed this 20th degree centigrade Marxism where hegemony tries to beg off the instruction of the dominance class in ceilingism. Hegemony The rule or influence of one country over others. The dominance or leadership of one social group over others. Gramsci developed this 20th century Marxism where hegemony tries to explain the control of the dominance class in capitalism. Managerialism Organisations have more(prenominal) similarities than differences so the performance of all organisations can be optimised by the application of generic management skills and theory.Managerialism Organisations have more similarities than differences so the performance of all organisations can be optimised by the application of generic management skills and theory. find out points 1)Co-founder of Marxism. 2)critique against capitalism 3)communist manifesto (1848) capital (1 867-94) 4)focus on disaffection and exploitation of the working class Key points 1)Co-founder of Marxism. 2)critique against capitalism 3)communist manifesto (1848) capital (1867-94) 4)focus on alienation and exploitation of the working class Habermas contri butionsHis major contribution is his development of a theory of rationality. He criticises industrial democracies in the west for equating humanity with scotch efficiency. A possibility for lodge with communicative action that strives for agreement between others. The importance of ideal idiom where you are satisfactory to discharge moral and political concern and defend them by rationality only. Habermas contributions His major contribution is his development of a theory of rationality. He criticises industrial democracies in the west for equating humanity with scotch efficiency.A possibility for community through communicative action that strives for agreement between others. The importance of ideal speech where you a re able to raise moral and political concern and defend them by rationality only. Karl Marx 1818-1883 Karl Marx 1818-1883 Critique of Capitalism As a sensory system of harvest-homeion with 2 key features goods and services traind as commodities. Individuals labour power is alike a trade good and can be bought and sold in the labour market. Wage slaves Capitalism involves scanty exchange sort of than pressure, but must sell their labour power to a capitalist to survive.Value added machines, tools and innovations are use to help in production, this helps to gain abnormal profits or reduce turnover generation etc. however these practices are adopted by competitors and workers productivity and wages become crucial thusly only labour power can add measure out. Fundamental basis of economical class engagement in capitalism by increasing productivity by longer working day, intensifying case during working hours, boosting outturn by cost effective and labour cutting techniqu es. Critique of CapitalismAs a mode of production with 2 key features goods and services produced as commodities. Individuals labour power is also a commodity and can be bought and sold in the labour market. Wage slaves Capitalism involves lax exchange rather than pressure, but must sell their labour power to a capitalist to survive. Value added machines, tools and innovations are used to help in production, this helps to gain abnormal profits or reduce turnover times etc. however these practices are adopted by competitors and workers productivity and wages become crucial thus only labour power can add value.Fundamental basis of economical class struggle in capitalism by increasing productivity by longer working day, intensifying effort during working hours, boosting output by cost effective and labour cutting techniques. Modernism Modernism slime Weber 1864-1920 Max Weber 1864-1920 Jurgen Habermas 1929 Jurgen Habermas 1929 Key points 1)major work rationalisation and disencha ntment associated with capitalism and modernity. 2)strong relationship between protestant holiness and successful westbound capitalism. 3)3 different types of authority traditional, charismatic and efficacious rational. )defined rationalisation 5)developed a theory of bureaucracy. Key points 1)major work rationalisation and disenchantment associated with capitalism and modernity. 2)strong relationship between protestant morality and successful western capitalism. 3)3 different types of authority traditional, charismatic and legal rational. 4)defined rationalisation 5)developed a theory of bureaucracy. Critical Management studies Is a movement that questions the authority and relevance if mainstream idea and practice. Its focus is management as a pervasive directing body that is entrenched within capitalist economic formations.Critical Management studies Is a movement that questions the authority and relevance if mainstream thinking and practice. Its focus is management as a pervasive institution that is entrenched within capitalist economic formations. Habermas on communication A model of communicative rationality that takes into account the effect power has on the situation and opposes the traditional idea of an objective and functionalist reason. He wanted to construct a non-oppressive, inclusive and universalistic moral framework for discourse where all speech acts are for mutual understanding. Habermas on communicationA model of communicative rationality that takes into account the effect power has on the situation and opposes the traditional idea of an objective and functionalist reason. He wanted to construct a non-oppressive, inclusive and universalist moral framework for discourse where all speech acts are for mutual understanding. Post Modernism Post Modernism Michel Foucault 1926-1984 Michel Foucault 1926-1984 Critical Theory To develop a more rational, enlightened society through a process of critical reflection. To mobilise the potential s of critical think in order to question and transform oppressive features of the modern world.Critical Theory To develop a more rational, enlightened society through a process of critical reflection. To mobilise the potentials of critical reasoning in order to question and transform oppressive features of the modern world. 1979 delay and punish The birth of the prison. The privatisation of property set off the privatisation of power. Compares 18th century torture and execution to 19th century prison and disciplinary prisons used- showing power. 1979 Discipline and punish The birth of the prison. The privatisation of property activated the privatisation of power.Compares 18th century torture and execution to 19th century prison and disciplinary prisons used- showing power. Weber and Bureaucracy The iron cage the high-pitched credence on machine production determines our lives that threatens to confine us within an iron cage go on division of labour. Standards of impersonality govern interpersonal relations. People do non act as people but as a character of an office. Rules are carried out without any regard for people. Weber and Bureaucracy The iron cage the high reliance on machine production determines our lives that threatens to confine us within an iron cage Clear division of labour.Standards of impersonality govern interpersonal relations. People do not act as people but as a role of an office. Rules are carried out without any regard for people. Habermas and ideal speech When communication and dialogue are free of distortions an ideal speech situation can be said to exist. To master this lies in a special(prenominal) form of knowledge, based on self- reflection. Habermas on communicative action pregnant interaction between persons. march that is couched in ordinary language and saying something. A way of doing something by conveying a message, corroborate social relationships.Express opinions and feelings and expressing self-identity. Habe rmas and ideal speech When communication and dialogue are free of distortions an ideal speech situation can be said to exist. To attain this lies in a specific form of knowledge, based on self- reflection. Habermas on communicative action Meaningful interaction between persons. Action that is couched in ordinary language and saying something. A way of doing something by conveying a message, establish social relationships. Express opinions and feelings and expressing self-identity.Foucault power and control Classical and system theory organisations as logical, functional, impersonal unemotional entities neutral rules of efficiency and economy. Brought to life and maintained through language, conversation and experience. Talking and arguing, reinforce structures of membership, acceptance and conclusiveness qualification. Political forces. Organisations as social constructions legal and emotional ownership, membership and control. Skill, ability and learning capacity. Human frail ty, willingness, warmness and self-centredness. Foucault power and controlClassical and system theory organisations as logical, functional, impersonal passionless entities neutral rules of efficiency and economy. Brought to life and maintained through language, conversation and experience. Talking and arguing, reinforce structures of membership, acceptance and decision making. Political forces. Organisations as social constructions legal and emotional ownership, membership and control. Skill, ability and learning capacity. Human frailty, willingness, passion and self-centredness. Foucault and Discipline Discipline is a serial publication of techniques of observation, development and the direction of individuals.Where one is subjected to the will of another. Foucault wanted to understand the disciplinary power that is diffused end-to-end society. Our reliance and acceptance of certain norms circulates through our language and politics. Foucault and Discipline Discipline is a ser ies of techniques of observation, training and the direction of individuals. Where one is subjected to the will of another. Foucault wanted to understand the disciplinary power that is diffused throughout society. Our reliance and acceptance of certain norms circulates through our language and politics.Organisational control Organizational structures hierarchy, influence tactics such(prenominal) as compliance, surveillance, technology, pay and rewards, power to set the agenda and power to execute. Organisational control Organizational structures hierarchy, influence tactics such as compliance, surveillance, technology, pay and rewards, power to set the agenda and power to execute. Weber and Rationalisation The process by which nature, society and individual action are mastered to orientation to planning, practiced procedure and rational action Weber and RationalisationThe process by which nature, society and individual action are mastered to orientation to planning, technical proce dure and rational action Webers thoughts Spread of bureaucracy to all areas of life would toss us in an iron cage with no escape. It could crush the human spirit by regularization all spheres of social life. Bureaucracy has potential to suffocate and dehumanise people. Bureaucracy excludes public from decision making and participation in the production of consensus, which leads to loss of democracy. Webers thoughtsSpread of bureaucracy to all areas of life would imprison us in an iron cage with no escape. It could crush the human spirit by regulating all spheres of social life. Bureaucracy has potential to suffocate and dehumanise people. Bureaucracy excludes public from decision making and participation in the production of consensus, which leads to loss of democracy. The Frankfurt school (Institute of social research) ( The Frankfurt school (Institute of social research) ( Founded to interpret critique and reframe the relevance of Marxist thought for contemporary industrial soc iety.Founded to interpret critique and reframe the relevance of Marxist thought for contemporary industrial society. They self-contained together dissident Marxists severe criticisms of capitalism who remote Marxs thought of economic determinism and special role of communist party. They selected parts of Marxist thought that they fitted in with the modern world influenced especially by the failure of working class revolutions and advanced German nation. Looked at Max Weber and Sigmund Freud to fill Marxs comprehend omissions attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, crude materialism and phenomenology.They gathered together dissident Marxists severe criticisms of capitalism who opposed Marxs thought of economic determinism and special role of communist party. They selected parts of Marxist thought that they fitted in with the modern world influenced especially by the failure of working class revolutions and advanced German nation. Looked at Max Weber and Sigmund Freud t o fill Marxs perceived omissions attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, crude materialism and phenomenology. Marx and exploitationThe exchange value of a product is determined by the quantity of labour necessary to produce it. Marxs position is that while it is labour that determines the exchange value of commodities, the exchange of labour for wages is not reciprocally balanced. What is exchanged is labour power the capacity to work. Marx and Exploitation The exchange value of a product is determined by the quantity of labour necessary to produce it. Marxs position is that while it is labour that determines the exchange value of commodities, the exchange of labour for wages is not reciprocally balanced.What is exchanged is labour power the capacity to work. Marx and alienation Marx identifies 4 types of worker alienation under capitalism 1) self-estrangement 2) estrangement from the product of their labour. 3) Estrangement from their species being 4) estrangement from othe rs. 1)Alienation of the worker from the work he produces, from the product of his labour the absence of control by the maker over the product. The product reduces, rather than expresses the producers humanity, and sustains alienation by buttressing capitalism. )Alienation of the worker from working, from the act of producing itself increasing division of labour. This fragments the fatty process into meaningless, and obviously unrelated tasks such that the general orientation of labour to work is not one of the yeasty dismission but instrumental and forced labour. 3)Alienation of the worker from other workers or producers turn every productive group into competitors, setting individual against individual and reducing the social relations between people to economic exchanges or commodities. ) Alienation of the worker from himself as a producer, from his or her species being objects designed for use by man are transformed via the capitalist mode of production into commodities that dominate humans. Marx and alienation Marx identifies 4 types of worker alienation under capitalism 1) self-estrangement 2) estrangement from the product of their labour. 3) Estrangement from their species being 4) estrangement from others. )Alienation of the worker from the work he produces, from the product of his labour the absence of control by the producer over the product. The product reduces, rather than expresses the producers humanity, and sustains alienation by buttressing capitalism. 2)Alienation of the worker from working, from the act of producing itself increasing division of labour. This fragments the productive process into meaningless, and ostensibly unrelated tasks such that the general orientation of labour to work is not one of the creative liberation but instrumental and forced labour. )Alienation of the worker from other workers or producers turn every productive group into competitors, setting individual against individual and reducing the social relat ions between people to economic exchanges or commodities. 4) Alienation of the worker from himself as a producer, from his or her species being objects designed for use by humans are transformed via the capitalist mode of production into commodities that dominate humans.